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25. Income tax

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25.1 Accounting policy

Income tax shown in the profit and loss account includes the current and deferred parts. 

The deferred part is the difference between the balance of deferred tax liabilities and assets at the end and at the beginning of the reporting period, except that changes in deferred tax liabilities and assets related to operations charged to equity are also charged to equity.

25.2 Quantitative data

Income tax 1 January – 31 December 2020 1 January – 31 December 2019
Profit before tax (consolidated) 4,058 7,080
CIT rate (or range of CIT rates) for the country of the parent company’s seat (%) 19% 19%
Income tax which would be calculated as the product of gross accounting profit of the entities and the CIT rate in the country of the parent company’s seat 771 1,345
Differences between the income tax calculated above and the income tax shown in the profit and loss account: 757 550
- levy on financial institutions 223 215
- provisions for credit receivables in the part not covered by deferred tax 50 70
- measurement of financial assets 30 (3)
- recognition/reversal of impairment losses for receivables, not classified as tax-deductible expenses 34 65
- recognition/reversal of other provisions and impairment losses for assets, not classified as tax-deductible expenses 319 44
- fee payable to BFG 103 116
- differences due to different tax rates (17) (16)
- taxation of insurance activities in Ukraine 7 7
- tax losses 10 26
- other tax increases, abandonments, exemptions, deductions and reductions (2) 26
Income tax shown in the profit and loss account 1,528 1,895

Total amount of current and deferred tax 1 January – 31 December 2020 1 January – 31 December 2019
1. Recognized through profit or loss, including: 1,528 1,895
- current tax 1,841 1,844
- deferred tax (313) 51
2. Recognized in other comprehensive income, including: 356 117
- deferred tax 356 117

Income tax on other comprehensive income items 1 January – 31 December 2020 1 January – 31 December 2019 (restated)
Gross other comprehensive income 1,958 613
Income tax (356) (117)
Valuation of debt instruments (213) (88)
Measurement of loan receivables from clients (4) (4)
Cash flow hedging (123) (24)
Valuation of equity instruments (17) (1)
Actuarial gains and losses related to provisions for employee benefits 1 -
Net other comprehensive income 1,602 496

The PZU Group is comprised of units operating in different countries and subject to different tax regulations. Regulations governing value added tax, corporate income tax, personal income tax or contributions to social security undergo frequent changes. The regulations in effect in the countries where the PZU Group operates also contain confusing provisions, which result in differences of opinion concerning their legal interpretation between various state authorities and enterprises. Tax and other settlements (e.g. regarding customs or foreign currencies) may be inspected by authorities (in Poland – for a period of five years), which may levy high fines and any additional liabilities assessed during the inspection bear interest. These phenomena generate tax risk, as a result of which the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements may change at a later date after the final amounts are determined by tax authorities.